<b>HRAC Group 2</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy B) </font> resistant Ambrosia trifida from United States, Illinois

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 2 (LEGACY B) RESISTANT GIANT RAGWEED
(Ambrosia trifida)

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

United States, Illinois

INTRODUCTION		GIANT RAGWEED
Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) is a dicot weed in the Asteraceae family. In Illinois this weed first evolved resistance to Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides in 1998 and infests Soybean. Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides are known as Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to cloransulam-methyl, and imazethapyr and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Jan 22, 2014 )
Common Name	Giant Ragweed
Species	Ambrosia trifida
Group	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Herbicides	cloransulam-methyl, and imazethapyr
Location	United States, Illinois
Year	1998
Situation(s)	Soybean
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Patrick Tranel
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

AREAS FOUND

Paul Schmitzer

Carmi, IL; Mt. Carmel, IL

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GENERAL

Paul Schmitzer

During the 1998 introduction of FirstRate herbicide (active ingredient cloransulam-methyl), isolated fields were identified with unexpectedly poor control of common and giant ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Ambrosia trifida, respectively) biotypes. Seed heads were collected in the fall of 1998 from selected fields, and plants were reared in the greenhouse. Plants which survived an application of cloransulam-methyl were assayed for ALS inhibition to cloransulam-methyl and other ALS inhibiting herbicide actives. Common ragweed from 20 sites and giant ragweed from 12 sites across the Midwest were found to be resistant to cloransulam-methyl. Some ALS samples extracted from plants which were resistant to cloransulam-methyl were also assayed for resistance to an imidazolinone and sulfonylurea herbicide. These samples represented about a third of the samples which were resistant to cloransulam-methyl and from each of the general geographic areas. In all of the samples assayed for cross resistance, resistance (approximately 1000-fold) was identified to all 3 chemistries. The molecular basis of this resistance has not been determined. No data is available to estimate the total number of acres affected by resistant ragweed since the samples analyzed were primarily from poor performance areas.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Giant Ragweed biotype with this Giant Ragweed biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 2 resistant Giant Ragweed have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

Studies on the mechanism of resistance of Group 2 (Legacy B) resistant Giant Ragweed from Illinois indicate that resistance is due to an altered target site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the mechanism of resistance in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 2 (Legacy B) resistant Giant Ragweed from Illinois please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

PATRICK TRANEL

Professor University Of Illinois Dept. Of Crop Sciences 1201 W. Gregory Dr. Urbana, 61801, Illinois United States Email Patrick Tranel Web : Web Site Link

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Illinois have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Patrick Tranel for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Giant Ragweed Globally
(Ambrosia trifida)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Canada (Ontario)

2008

Soybean

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

Canada (Ontario)

2011

Soybean

cloransulam-methyl, and glyphosate

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

United States (Indiana)

1998

Soybean

cloransulam-methyl, and imazethapyr

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

United States (Illinois)

1998

Soybean

cloransulam-methyl, and imazethapyr

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

United States (Ohio)

1998

Soybean

chlorimuron-ethyl, cloransulam-methyl, imazamox, imazaquin, primisulfuron-methyl, and prosulfuron

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

United States (Iowa)

2000

Corn (maize), and Soybean

cloransulam-methyl, primisulfuron-methyl, and prosulfuron

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

United States (Ohio)

2004

Soybean

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

United States (Indiana)

2005

Soybean

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

United States (Arkansas)

2005

Soybean

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

United States (Kentucky)

2005

Soybean

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

United States (Kansas)

2006

Soybean

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

United States (Minnesota)

2006

Soybean

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

United States (Ohio)

2006

Soybean

chlorimuron-ethyl, cloransulam-methyl, and glyphosate

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

United States (Tennessee)

2007

Cotton, and Soybean

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

United States (Minnesota)

2008

Soybean

cloransulam-methyl, and glyphosate

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

United States (Iowa)

2009

Corn (maize), and Soybean

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

United States (Missouri)

2009

Soybean

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

United States (Mississippi)

2010

Soybean

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

United States (Nebraska)

2010

Soybean

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

United States (Wisconsin)

2011

Corn (maize), and Soybean

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

United States (Missouri)

2011

Corn (maize)

chlorimuron-ethyl, cloransulam-methyl, and glyphosate

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

United States (Wisconsin)

2013

Soybean

cloransulam-methyl, and imazamox

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Follings, J. ; Soltani, N. ; Robinson, D. E. ; Tardif, F. J. ; Lawton, M. B. ; Sikkema, P. H.. 2013. Distribution of glyphosate and cloransulam-methyl resistant giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida L.) populations in southern Ontario. Agricultural Sciences 4 : 570 - 576.

Giant ragweed is a very competitive weed in row crop production and has been found to drastically reduce soybean yield. In 2008, giant ragweed was the first weed species with confirmed resistance to glyphosate in Canada. As of 2010 there were 48 locations with confirmed glyphosate resistant giant ragweed in Essex, Kent and Lambton counties. In addition, there was suspected resistance to cloransulam-methyl. The objectives of this research were (1) to conduct an expanded field survey on the distribution of glyphosate resistant giant ragweed in Ontario, (2) to determine the distribution of cloransulam-methyl resistant giant ragweed in Ontario, and (3) to determine the distribution of multiple resistant (glyphosate and cloransulam-methyl) giant ragweed in Ontario. In 2011 and 2012 giant ragweed seed was collected from 85 field sites in Essex (16), Kent (34), Lambton (23), Elgin (3), Middlesex (6), Lennox & Addington (1), Huron (1) and Brant (1) counties. In total there are 34 additional locations confirmed with glyphosate resistant giant ragweed in Ontario. There are 11 locations confirmed with cloransulam-methyl resistant giant ragweed and 5 locations with multiple resistance to both glyphosate and cloransulam-methyl. Glyphosate resistant giant ragweed has been found in 4 additional counties..

Barnett, K. A. ; Steckel, L. E.. 2013. Giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) competition in cotton. Weed Science 61 : 543 - 548.

Glyphosate-resistant (GR) weeds, including giant ragweed, are among the most challenging weeds for growers to control in cotton. A field study was conducted in 2011 and 2012 to determine the competitiveness of giant ragweed with densities of 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, or 1.6 plants m^-1 of row. Early in the growing season, giant ragweed competition with densities of at least 0.8 plants m^-1 row reduced cotton height compared with the weed-free control. Based on node above white flower (NAWF) and node above cracked boll (NACB) data, a delay in cotton maturity was observed for treatments with giant ragweed present at a density of 1.6 m^-1 of cotton row for NAWF and 0.8 m^-1 or 1.6 m^-1 of row for NACB. Lint yield losses of 50% were estimated for cotton with rows growing along side of giant ragweed at a density of 0.26 plants m^-1 row. Cotton in rows located 140 cm away from giant ragweed required an estimated 1.85 plants m^-1 row to reduce yield by 50%. These data suggest that giant ragweed sphere of influence was at least 1 m wide. Cotton fiber quality was not affected by giant ragweed at any density. Giant ragweed is a highly competitive weed in cotton, even at low densities, and efforts should be implemented to control giant ragweed early in the season to prevent cotton yield loss..

Follings, J. ; Soltani, N. ; Robinson, D. E. ; Tardif, F. J. ; Lawton, M. B. ; Sikkema, P. H.. 2013. Glyphosate-resistant giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida L.): 2,4-D dose response and control with postemergence herbicides in soybean. American Journal of Plant Sciences 4 : 1790 - 1798.

Glyphosate resistant giant ragweed is an increasing problem in glyphosate resistant cropping systems in southwestern Ontario. The postemergence herbicides registered for use in soybean in Ontario do not provide consistent control of glyphosate resistant giant ragweed. There is limited research on the lowest effective rate of 2,4-D for the control of glyphosate resistant giant ragweed. Consequently, the objectives of this study were (a) to determine the efficacy of herbicides applied postemergence for the control of glyphosate resistant giant ragweed in glyphosate resistant soybean, and (b) to determine the lowest effective rate of 2,4-D for the control of glyphosate-resistant giant ragweed. Ten postemergence herbicide combinations and seven rates of 2,4-D were evaluated in field studies conducted in 2011 and 2012 at six locations confirmed with glyphosate-resistant giant ragweed. The post emergence herbicides evaluated did not provide acceptable/consistent control. Of the herbicides evaluated, glyphosate plus cloransulam-methyl provided 26% to 70% control 8 WAA of glyphosate resistant giant ragweed, which was the best of the herbicides combinations evaluated. The doses of 2,4-D required to reduce giant ragweed shoot dry weight by 50, 80 and 95% were 142, 310 and 1048 g a.e. ha^-1, respectively..

Barnett, K. A. ; Mueller, T. C. ; Steckel, L. E.. 2013. Glyphosate-resistant giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) control with glufosinate or fomsafen combined with growth regulator herbicides. Weed Technology 27 : 454 - 458.

The development of crops resistant to 2,4-D, dicamba, and glufosinate may provide new options for the management of glyphosate-resistant (GR) giant ragweed and other herbicide-resistant weeds. A fallow field study was conducted in 2011 and 2012 to determine the control of GR giant ragweed with 2,4-D and dicamba applied alone and in combination with glufosinate or fomesafen. Dicamba and 2,4-D tank-mixed with glufosinate or fomesafen provided the highest level of control at 10 or 20 days after application (DAA). At 30 DAA, all herbicide treatments provided >88% control of giant ragweed except glyphosate, glufosinate, and 2,4-D alone at 0.56 kg ae ha^-1. Glyphosate, glufosinate, and 2,4-D alone at 0.56 kg ae ha^-1 also had the highest number of giant ragweed plants (>5.8 plants m^-2) and highest biomass (>19.2 g m^-2). Contrast statements between 2,4-D and dicamba indicated no differences among treatments containing these herbicides. However, contrast analysis indicated that herbicides applied alone resulted in 56, 58, and 61% control while tank-mix combinations of 2,4-D or dicamba with glufosinate or fomesafen resulted in 86, 91, and 93% control, respectively. Herbicides applied alone also had more giant ragweed plants and biomass per m^-2 than herbicides applied in tank-mix combinations. Tank-mixing combinations of 2,4-D and dicamba will be important for effective control of GR giant ragweed..

Dinelli, G. ; Marotti, I. ; Catizone, P. ; Bosi, S. ; Tanveer, A. ; Abbas, R. N. ; Pavlovic, D.. 2013. Germination ecology of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. and Ambrosia trifida L. biotypes suspected of glyphosate resistance. Central European Journal of Biology 8 : 286 - 296.

The germination ecology of Ambrosia artemisiifolia and A. trifida glyphosate susceptible biotypes sampled in marginal areas, was compared with that of the same species but different biotypes suspected of glyphosate resistance, common and giant ragweed, respectively. The suspected resistant biotypes were sampled in Roundup Ready® soybean fields. Within each weed species, the seeds of the biotype sampled in marginal area were significantly bigger and heavier than those of the biotype sampled in the soybean fields. A. artemisiifolia biotypes exhibited a similar dormancy and germination, while differences between A. trifida biotypes were observed. A. artemisiifolia biotypes showed similar threshold temperature for germination, whereas, the threshold temperature of the susceptible A. trifida biotype was half as compared to that of the resistant A. trifida biotype. No significant differences in emergence as a function of sowing depth were observed between susceptible A. artemisiifolia and suspected resistant A. trifida biotype, while at a six-cm seedling depth the emergence of the A. artemisiifolia susceptible biotype was 2.5 times higher than that of the A. trifida suspected resistant biotype. This study identified important differences in seed germination between herbicide resistant and susceptible biotypes and relates this information to the ecology of species adapted to Roundup Ready® fields. Information obtained in this study supports sustainable management strategies, with continued use of glyphosate as a possibility..

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