<b>HRAC Group 1</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy A) </font> resistant Zea mays ssp. mexicana from France

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 1 (LEGACY A) RESISTANT MEXICAN TEOSINTE
(Zea mays ssp. mexicana)

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)

France

INTRODUCTION		MEXICAN TEOSINTE
Mexican teosinte (Zea mays ssp. mexicana) is a monocot weed in the Poaceae family. In France this weed first evolved resistance to Group 1 (Legacy A) herbicides in 2020 and infests Corn (maize), Soybean, and Sunflower. Group 1 (Legacy A) herbicides are known as Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to cycloxydim and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 1 (Legacy A) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Oct 08, 2021 )
Common Name	Mexican teosinte
Species	Zea mays ssp. mexicana
Group	Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Herbicides	cycloxydim
Location	France
Year	2020
Situation(s)	Corn (maize), Soybean, and Sunflower
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Christophe Délye
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

GENERAL

Christophe Délye

Adaptive introgression from maize has facilitated the establishment of teosinte as a noxious weed in Europe. Valérie Le Corre, Mathieu Siol, Yves Vigouroux, Maud I. Tenaillon, and Christophe Délye

PNAS October 13, 2020 117 (41) 25618-25627; first published September 28, 2020; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006633117

Global trade has considerably accelerated biological invasions. The annual tropical teosintes, the closest wild relatives of maize, were recently reported as new agricultural weeds in two European countries, Spain and France. Their prompt settlement under climatic conditions differing drastically from that of their native range indicates rapid genetic evolution. We performed a phenotypic comparison of French and Mexican teosintes under European conditions and showed that only the former could complete their life cycle during maize cropping season. To test the hypothesis that crop-to-wild introgression triggered such rapid adaptation, we used single nucleotide polymorphisms to characterize patterns of genetic variation in French, Spanish, and Mexican teosintes as well as in maize germplasm. We showed that both Spanish and French teosintes originated from Zea mays ssp. mexicana race “Chalco,” a weedy teosinte from the Mexican highlands. However, introduced teosintes differed markedly from their Mexican source by elevated levels of genetic introgression from the high latitude Dent maize grown in Europe. We identified a clear signature of divergent selection in a region of chromosome 8 introgressed from maize and encompassing ZCN8, a major flowering time gene associated with adaptation to high latitudes. Moreover, herbicide assays and sequencing revealed that French teosintes have acquired herbicide resistance via the introgression of a mutant herbicide-target gene (ACC1) present in herbicide-resistant maize cultivars. Altogether, our results demonstrate that adaptive crop-to-wild introgression has triggered both rapid adaptation to a new climatic niche and acquisition of herbicide resistance, thereby fostering the establishment of an emerging noxious weed.

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HISTORY - FIRST CASE

Christophe Délye

Mexican teosinte is non-indigenous in Europe. It has been accidentally introduced in France, and has introgressed the herbicide-resistant ACC1 ACCase allele from herbicide-resistant Duo System® maize. Resistance is present in the field since the end of the 1990s.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Mexican teosinte biotype with this Mexican teosinte biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 1 resistant Mexican teosinte have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

Studies on the mechanism of resistance of Group 1 (Legacy A) resistant Mexican teosinte from France indicate that resistance is due to an altered target site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the mechanism of resistance in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 1 (Legacy A) resistant Mexican teosinte from France please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

CHRISTOPHE DÉLYE

Chargé de Recherches INRA Agroécologie 17 rue de Sully Dijon, F-21000, Burgundy France Email Christophe Délye Web : Web Site Link

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in France have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Christophe Délye for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Mexican teosinte Globally
(Zea mays ssp. mexicana)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

France

2020

Corn (maize), Soybean, and Sunflower

cycloxydim

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Yu, Q., A. Jalaludin, H. Han, M. Chen, R.D. Sammons, and S. Powles. 2015. Evolution of a Double Amino Acid Substitution in the 5-Enolpyruvylshikimate-3-Phosphate Synthase in Eleusine indica Conferring High-Level Glyphosate Resistance. Plant Physiology 167 : 1440 - 1447.

Glyphosate is the most important and widely used herbicide in world agriculture. Intensive glyphosate selection has resulted in the widespread evolution of glyphosate-resistant weed populations, threatening the sustainability of this valuable once-in-a-century agrochemical. Field-evolved glyphosate resistance due to known resistance mechanisms is generally low to modest. Here, working with a highly glyphosate-resistant Eleusine indica population, we identified a double amino acid substitution (T102I + P106S [TIPS]) in the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene in glyphosate-resistant individuals. This TIPSmutation recreates the biotechnology-engineered commercial first generation glyphosate-tolerant EPSPS in corn (Zea mays) and now in other crops. In E. indica, the naturally evolved TIPS mutants are highly (more than 180-fold) resistant to glyphosate compared with the wild type and more resistant (more than 32-fold) than the previously known P106S mutants. The E. indica TIPS EPSPS showed very high-level (2,647-fold) in vitro resistance to glyphosate relative to the wild type and is more resistant (600-fold) than the P106S variant. The evolution of the TIPSmutation in crop fields under glyphosate selection is likely a sequential event, with the P106S mutation being selected first and fixed, followed by the T102I mutation to create the highly resistant TIPS EPSPS. The sequential evolution of the TIPS mutation endowing high-level glyphosate resistance is an important mechanism by which plants adapt to intense herbicide selection and a dramatic example of evolution in action..

McNaughton, K. E. ; Brown, L. R. ; Sikkema, P. H.. 2014. Efficacy of POST glyphosate applications in combination with other POST herbicides in glyphosate-resistant corn (Zea mays L.). Agricultural Sciences 5 : 1 - 8.

The use of glyphosate-resistant corn has facilitated a shift from a reliance on preemergence residual herbicides to postemergence (POST) herbicides, and in some cases exclusively glyphosate. Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide that is relatively slow-acting, which may allow weeds to continue to compete with corn after application and potentially decrease crop yield. The addition of several POST corn herbicides, with some residual control, to an early-season glyphosate application was examined to determine if the tankmix combination would improve the speed of weed control compared to glyphosate applied alone. Seven field trials were conducted over three years (2009, 2010 and 2011) near Ridgetown and Exeter, Ontario. The control of common ragweed was improved 3 days after application (DAA) with three POST glyphosate tankmixes compared to glyphosate alone. However control was still less than 55%. Depending on the weed species examined, at 28 DAA two of the glyphosate tankmix treatments tested provided better common ragweed, common lambsquarters, or green foxtail control than glyphosate alone. Treatments providing better weed control at 28 DAA also typically decreased weed density compared to glyphosate alone..

Ford, L. ; Soltani, N. ; McFadden, A. ; Nurse, R. E. ; Robinson, D. E. ; Sikkema, P. H.. 2014. Control of Canada fleabane (Conyza canadensis) with glyphosate DMA/2,4-D choline applications in corn (Zea mays). Agricultural Sciences 5 : 77 - 83.

Glyphosate resistant (GR) Canada fleabane (horseweed) has quickly spread across southwestern Ontario and is a difficult weed to control in GR crops. Glyphosate dimethylamine (DMA)/2,4-D choline (Enlist Duo®^TM Dow AgroSciences LLC), a new herbicide premix developed by Dow Agro Sciences, provides control of GR and other problematic weeds. The objective of this study was to compare single and sequential applications of glyphosate DMA/2,4-D choline for the control of GR Canada fleabane in GR corn. Three single applications of glyphosate (DMA)/2,4-D choline (1720 g.ae.ha^-1) were evaluated: (1) preplant (PP) applied to Canada fleabane up to 10 cm diameter/height, (2) postplant 1 (POST 1) applied when Canada fleabane was up to 20 cm tall and (3) postplant 2 (POST 2) applied up to 30 cm tall Canada fleabane. Four sequential applications were also examined:(1) PP followed by (fb) POST 1, (2) PP fb POST 2, (3) POST 1 fb POST 2 and (4) PP fb POST 1 fb POST 2. The single applications provided 69%-86% control of the GR Canada fleabane while the sequential applications increased control to 92%-100%. Three applications did not provide an increase in control over a sequential two-pass application at 8 weeks after the application (WAA). Results from this research indicate that a sequential 2-pass application of glyphosate DMA/2,4-D choline provided acceptable control of GR Canada fleabane in corn..

Ma, R. ; Kaundun, S. S. ; Tranel, P. J. ; Riggins, C. W. ; McGinness, D. L. ; Hager, A. G. ; Hawkes, T. ; McIndoe, E. ; Riechers, D. E.. 2013. Distinct detoxification mechanisms confer resistance to mesotrione and atrazine in a population of waterhemp. Plant Physiology 163 : 363 - 377.

Previous research reported the first case of resistance to mesotrione and other 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) herbicides in a waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) population designated MCR (for McLean County mesotrione- and atrazine-resistant). Herein, experiments were conducted to determine if target site or nontarget site mechanisms confer mesotrione resistance in MCR. Additionally, the basis for atrazine resistance was investigated in MCR and an atrazine-resistant but mesotrione-sensitive population (ACR for Adams County mesotrione-sensitive but atrazine-resistant). A standard sensitive population (WCS for Wayne County herbicide-sensitive) was also used for comparison. Mesotrione resistance was not due to an alteration in HPPD sequence, HPPD expression, or reduced herbicide absorption. Metabolism studies using whole plants and excised leaves revealed that the time for 50% of absorbed mesotrione to degrade in MCR was significantly shorter than in ACR and WCS, which correlated with previous phenotypic responses to mesotrione and the quantity of the metabolite 4-hydroxy-mesotrione in excised leaves. The cytochrome P450 monooxygenase inhibitors malathion and tetcyclacis significantly reduced mesotrione metabolism in MCR and corn (Zea mays) excised leaves but not in ACR. Furthermore, malathion increased mesotrione activity in MCR seedlings in greenhouse studies. These results indicate that enhanced oxidative metabolism contributes significantly to mesotrione resistance in MCR. Sequence analysis of atrazine-resistant (MCR and ACR) and atrazine-sensitive (WCS) waterhemp populations detected no differences in the psbA gene. The times for 50% of absorbed atrazine to degrade in corn, MCR, and ACR leaves were shorter than in WCS, and a polar metabolite of atrazine was detected in corn, MCR, and ACR that cochromatographed with a synthetic atrazine-glutathione conjugate. Thus, elevated rates of metabolism via distinct detoxification mechanisms contribute to mesotrione and atrazine resistance within the MCR population..

Légère, A. ; Vanasse, A. ; Stevenson, F. C.. 2013. Low-input management and mature conservation tillage: agronomic potential in a cool, humid climate. Agronomy Journal 105 : 745 - 754.

Combining low-input systems with conservation tillage may be feasible for field crops under northeastern conditions. This study compared the effects of herbicide-free (HF), organic (ORG), conventional (CONV), and herbicide-tolerant (GM) cropping systems applied to three 20 yr-old tillage treatments (MP, moldboard plow; CP, chisel plow; NT, no-till) on weed biomass and crop productivity in a 4-yr barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)-red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)-corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation. Barley yield (4.5 Mg ha^-1), and red clover forage yield (two cuts: 5.3 Mg ha^-1) were similar across treatments. With MP and CP tillage, silage corn yield for CONV and GM systems (15 Mg ha^-1) was 25% greater than for HF and ORG (11 Mg ha^-1), whereas HF-NT and ORG-NT systems produced no harvestable yield. Soybean yield for HF-MP and ORG-MP systems was similar to that for CONV and GM (2.4 Mg ha^-1), whereas yield in for the HF and ORG systems with CP and NT was half or less than for other treatments. Some form of primary tillage (CP or MP) was needed in corn and soybean to achieve adequate weed control and yield in the ORG and HF systems. Midseason weed proportion of total biomass was greater in the HF and ORG systems with CP and NT, and provided good yield prediction in corn (R²=0.74) and soybean (R²=0.84). Nutrient availability appeared adequate in corn following N₂-fixing red clover but limiting in NT and CP for soybean following corn. Improving crop sequence, fertilization, and weed management will be key to the adoption of low-input systems using conservation tillage practices in cool, humid climates..

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