<b>HRAC Group 5</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy C1 C2) </font> resistant Galinsoga ciliata from Germany

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 5 (LEGACY C1 C2) RESISTANT HAIRY GALINSOGA
(Galinsoga ciliata)

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Germany

INTRODUCTION		HAIRY GALINSOGA
Hairy Galinsoga (Galinsoga ciliata) is a dicot weed in the Asteraceae family. In Germany this weed first evolved resistance to Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides in 1980 and infests Corn (maize). Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides are known as PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (Inhbition of Photosynthesis at PSll - Serine 264 Binders ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to atrazine and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Sep 15, 2000 )
Common Name	Hairy Galinsoga
Species	Galinsoga ciliata
Group	PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
Herbicides	atrazine
Location	Germany
Year	1980
Situation(s)	Corn (maize)
Contributors - (Alphabetically)
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

GENERAL

Kees-H (1988). The development of triazine-resistant annual weeds in Bavaria and experience with their control. Die Entwicklung triazinresistenter Samenunkrauter in Bayern und Erfahrungen mit deren Bekampfung. Gesunde-Pflanzen. 1988, 40: 10, 407-412, 414.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Hairy Galinsoga biotype with this Hairy Galinsoga biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 5 resistant Hairy Galinsoga have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) resistant Hairy Galinsoga from Germany please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Germany have been instrumental in providing you this information.

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Herbicide Resistant Hairy Galinsoga Globally
(Galinsoga ciliata)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Germany

1980

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Switzerland

1991

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Mayor, J. P. ; Mermillod, G.. 1992. Discovery in Switzerland of a thirteenth weed resistant to s-triazines: the hairy quickweed. Revue Suisse d'Agriculture 24 : 9 - 12.

The appearance of atrazine-resistant Galinsoga ciliata in maize in Fribourg is the latest of a number of triazine-resistant species found recently in Switzerland. Notes are given or its nomenclature, biology and ecology together with a brief appraisal of the chances for its survival and proposals for its control..

Kees, H. ; Lutz, A.. 1991. The problem of triazine resistance in annual weeds in maize and horticultural crops. Gesunde Pflanzen 43 : 216 - 220.

Resistance among annuals to triazines has increased in Bavaria since 1985. Incidences of resistance were observed on >60% of the maize sites during 1988. Chenopodium album, Solanum nigrum, Amaranthus retroflexus, C. ficifolium, Galinsoga ciliata and Senecio vulgaris were all affected in S. Bavaria, with C. ficifolium and S. vulgaris showing particular resistance in maize and horticultural crops. The problem of controlling triazine-resistant weeds in potatoes, sugarbeet, and strawberries by photosynthesis-inhibiting herbicides is discussed. In several years' trials the use of alternative herbicides and cultural control did not result in rapid changes in the level of resistance shown by G. ciliata, A. retroflexus and S. nigrum..

Oorschot, J. L. P. van. 1989. Chloroplastic resistance of weeds to triazines in the Netherlands until 1988. : 41 - 45.

Resistance to triazines, as measured by fluorescence induction patterns of treated leaves, was observed during 1985-87 in 11 weed species. The predominant resistant species in maize were Chenopodium album and Solanum nigrum and in orchards and tree nurseries Senecio vulgaris and Poa annua. Resistant biotypes in maize were further observed among Polygonum persicaria, Galinsoga ciliata, C. ficifolium and P. aviculare. Resistant Epilobium sp. occurred in orchards and tree nurseries. Diagnosis of intact leaves in 1988 identified more locations of these resistant biotypes. Further it showed resistance of P. lapathifolium and probably also of P. convolvulus [Fallopia convolvulus] at some places. There was a slight indication for resistance of the liver moss Marchantia polymorpha in a tree nursery..

Oorschot, J. L. P. van ; Straathof, H. J. M.. 1988. On the occurrence and distribution of chlorplastic resistance of weeds to triazines in the Netherlands. : 267 - 275.

The occurrence of triazine-resistant weeds in the Netherlands was studied using (a) plants grown from seed in soil samples taken at random from maize fields, orchards and tree nuseries and then treated with 5 kg atrazine/ha; (b) plants thought to be resistant collected from the same sites during the growing season. Fluorescence was measured in detached leaves after treatment with 0.1 mmol/litre atraton. Results from 562 soil samples taken in 1985 and 1986 and from fluorescence measurements of leaves from 170 fields in 1987 revealed resistant biotypes in 9 weed species. Chenopodium album and Solanum nigrum were the main resistant species in maize fields, and Senecio vulgaris and Poa annua in orchards and tree nurseries. Of less importance was the incidence of resistant biotypes of Epilobium sp. in orchards and of Polygonum persicaria, Galinsoga ciliata, Chenopodium ficifolium and Polygonum aviculare in maize. The incidence of resistant weeds in the soil samples indicated that 4-6% of the total area of these crops is infested with resistant weeds..

Kees, H.. 1988. The development of triazine-resistant annual weeds in Bavaria and experience with their control. Gesunde Pflanzen 40 : 407 - 412, 414.

The first evidence of weed resistance to triazine herbicides in Bavaria occurred in the period 1975-80 in intensive maize growing areas following continuous treatment with atrazine. Resistance was shown by Stellaria media, Solanum nigrum, Chenopodium album and Galinsoga ciliata, with Atriplex patula and C. ficifolium being largely unaffected. Since 1982 there has been a sharp increase in the areas affected by resistant species which included for the first time Amaranthus retroflexus, Senecio vulgaris and, in isolated instances, C. polyspermum; Polygonum lapathifolium, Fallopia convoluulus, and Epilobium tetragonum also showed resistance. Since 1980, triazine-resistance has also been reported in S. vulgaris, Poa annua, C. album and A. retroflexus in horticultural crops. Control strategies to combat weed resistance are discussed..

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