<b>HRAC Group 2</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy B) </font> resistant Sonchus asper from Norway

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 2 (LEGACY B) RESISTANT SPINY SOWTHISTLE
(Sonchus asper)

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Norway

INTRODUCTION		SPINY SOWTHISTLE
Spiny Sowthistle (Sonchus asper) is a dicot weed in the Asteraceae family. In Norway this weed first evolved resistance to Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides in 2006 and infests Spring Barley, and Spring wheat. Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides are known as Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and tribenuron-methyl and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Mar 09, 2015 )
Common Name	Spiny Sowthistle
Species	Sonchus asper
Group	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Herbicides	iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and tribenuron-methyl
Location	Norway
Year	2006
Situation(s)	Spring Barley, and Spring wheat
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Jan Netland
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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Spiny Sowthistle biotype with this Spiny Sowthistle biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 2 resistant Spiny Sowthistle have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 2 (Legacy B) resistant Spiny Sowthistle from Norway please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

JAN NETLAND

The Norwegian Crop Research Institute Plant Protection Centre Department Of Herbology Exotic & Invasive Weed Research One Shields Ave, Mail Stop 4 Fellesbygget, N-1432, ÅS Norway Email Jan Netland

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Norway have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Jan Netland for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Spiny Sowthistle Globally
(Sonchus asper)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Canada (Alberta)

1996

Pastures, and Spring Barley

chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl, thifensulfuron-methyl, and tribenuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

France

1980

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

France

2015

Chicory

rimsulfuron

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Norway

2006

Spring Barley, and Spring wheat

iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and tribenuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

United Kingdom

2016

Wheat

imazamox, metsulfuron-methyl, and thifensulfuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

United States (Washington)

2000

Lentils, and Wheat

imazamox, and thifensulfuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Park KeeWoong ; Kolkman, J. M. ; Mallory-Smith, C. A.. 2012. Point mutation in acetolactate synthase confers sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicide resistance in spiny annual sow-thistle [Sonchus asper (L.) Hill]. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 92 : 303 - 309.

Suspected thifensulfuron resistant spiny annual sow-thistle was identified near Colfax, Washington, in two fields with a winter wheat and lentil rotation. Therefore, studies were conducted to examine resistance of spiny annual sow-thistle to thifensulfuron and cross-resistance to other acetolactate synthase inhibitors and to determine the physiological and molecular basis for herbicide resistance. Whole-plant bioassay confirmed that the biotype was highly resistant to the sulfonylurea (SU) herbicides, thifensulfuron, metsulfuron, and prosulfuron. The resistant (R) biotype was also highly resistant to the imidazolinone (IMI) herbicides, imazamox and imazethapyr. An in vivo acetolactate synthase (ALS) assay indicated that the concentrations of SU and IMI herbicides required for 50% inhibition (I₅₀) were more than 10 times greater for R biotype compared with susceptible (S) biotype. Analysis of the nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences for ALS genes demonstrated a single-point mutation from C to T at the als1 gene, conferring the substitution of the amino acid leucine for proline in the R biotype at position197. The results of this research indicate that the resistance of spiny annual sow-thistle to SU and IMI herbicides is due to on altered target site and caused by a point mutation in the als1 gene..

Harker, K. N. ; Clayton, G. W. ; Blackshaw, R. E. ; O'Donovan, J. T. ; Lupwayi, N. Z. ; Johnson, E. N. ; Gan YanTai ; Zentner, R. P. ; Lafond, G. P. ; Irvine, R. B.. 2005. Glyphosate-resistant spring wheat production system effects on weed communities. Weed Science 53 : 451 - 464.

Glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops are produced over large areas in North America. A study was conducted at six western Canada research sites, i.e. in Beaverlodge, Lacombe and Lethbridge in Alberta, Brandon in Manitoba, and in Scott and Swift Current in Saskatchewan, to determine seed date, i.e. mid-April to early May (early) and mid-May to early June (late), and tillage system (conventional or low soil-disturbance direct-seeding) effects on weed populations in GR spring wheat and canola [rape] cropping systems from 2000 to 2003. Four-year wheat-canola-wheat-pea rotations were devised with varying levels of GR crops in the rotation. Weed populations were determined at pre- and post-in-crop herbicide application intervals in 2000 and 2003. Early seeding led to higher and more variable in-crop wild oat (Avena fatua) and wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus [F. convolvulus]) populations. High frequencies of in-crop glyphosate wheat in the rotation usually improved weed management and reduced weed density and variability. Canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) across all locations revealed that by 2003, green foxtail (Setaria viridis), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), sowthistle spp. (Sonchus oleraceus, S. arvensis and S. asper), wild buckwheat and wild oat, all associated with the rotation lacking in-crop glyphosate. Similar CDA analyses for individual locations indicated specific weeds were associated with 3 years of in-crop glyphosate (Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) at Brandon, henbit (Lamium amplexicaule) at Lacombe, and volunteer wheat, volunteer canola, and round-leaved mallow (Malva pusilla) at Lethbridge). However, only henbit at Lacombe and volunteer wheat at Lethbridge occurred at significant densities. Although excellent weed control was attained in rotations containing a high frequency of GR crops, the merits of more integrated approaches to weed management and crop production should also be considered. Overall, rotations including GR spring wheat did not significantly increase short-term weed management risks in conventional tillage or low soil-disturbance direct-seeding systems..

Rashid, A. ; Newman, J. C. ; O'Donovan, J. T. ; Robinson, D. ; Maurice, D. ; Poisson, D. ; Hall, L. M.. 2003. Sulfonylurea herbicide resistance in Sonchus asper biotypes in Alberta, Canada. Weed Research (Oxford) 43 : 214 - 220.

Two Sonchus asper (spiny annual sow-thistle) biotypes, suspected of being resistant to the sulfonylurea herbicide metsulfuron-methyl, were collected in 1996 from two barley (Hordeum vulgare) fields in central Alberta, Canada. Both fields had received at least six applications of acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicide(s). The responses of the two resistant (R) biotypes and two susceptible (S) biotypes to several sulfonylurea herbicides, and to herbicides and herbicide mixtures with other mechanisms of action, were compared. Both R biotypes were highly resistant to all sulfonylurea herbicides, but their control with other herbicides and mixtures was effective and comparable to that of the S biotypes. ALS extracted from an R biotype was about 440 times more resistant to metsulfuron-methyl than that of an S biotype, indicating that resistance was conferred by an ALS enzyme that was less sensitive to inhibition by the herbicide. Competitiveness and seed production of S. asper varied among biotypes, but the differences were probably the result of ecotype differences rather than resistance or susceptibility to sulfonylurea herbicides. This is the first reported occurrence of target site-based S. asper resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides..

Fraga, M. I. ; Areses, M. L. ; Baleato, J. C. ; Duran, M. V. ; Gonzalez, M. L. ; Rey, A. ; Sahuquillo, E. ; Tasende, M. G.. 1999. The occurrence of simazine resistant biotypes in weed species of Galician crops (NW Spain). : 375 - 379.

Simazine resistant biotypes of Amaranthus hybridus, Chenopodium album, Coleostephus myconis, Conyza canadensis, Echinochloa crus-gallii, Erodium cicutarium, Erodium moschatum, Fumaria muralis, Hypochoeris radicata, Ornithopus compressus, Ranunculus muricatus, Sonchus asper, Sonchus oleraceus, Spergula arvensis, Stachys arvensis, Stellaria media and Digitalis purpurea were identified by fluorescence measurements of intact whole leaves..

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