<b>HRAC Group 2</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy B) </font> resistant Papaver rhoeas from Greece

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 2 (LEGACY B) RESISTANT CORN POPPY
(Papaver rhoeas)

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Greece

INTRODUCTION		CORN POPPY
Corn Poppy (Papaver rhoeas) is a dicot weed in the Papaveraceae family. In Greece this weed first evolved resistance to Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides in 1998 and infests Winter wheat. Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides are known as Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to chlorsulfuron, florasulam, imazamox, pyrithiobac-sodium, thifensulfuron-methyl, triasulfuron, and tribenuron-methyl and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Nov 12, 2012 )
Common Name	Corn Poppy
Species	Papaver rhoeas
Group	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Herbicides	chlorsulfuron, florasulam, imazamox, pyrithiobac-sodium, thifensulfuron-methyl, triasulfuron, and tribenuron-methyl
Location	Greece
Year	1998
Situation(s)	Winter wheat
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Ilias Eleftherohorinos, Nikolaos Kaloumenos, and Eleni Kotoula-Syka
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

GENERAL

Eleni Kotoula-Syka

Papaver rhoeas with resistance to chlorsulfuron (G2) and cross-resistance to tribenuron methyl, triasulfuron and thifensulfuron methyl was found in Greece in 1998. Resistance was confirmed by greenhouse/lab tests. The resistant population was found in winter wheat. The number of resistant sites are 1 and the area infested (acres) is >10000. The site spread is increasing and the area spread (acres) is increasing. Seeds of Papaver rhoeas were collected from 1 winter wheat site in North Greece, repeatedly treated with chlorsulfuron (more than 10 years) and from 1 site that had never been treated with ALS inhibitors. Plants grown from seeds of resistant biotype survived post-em application of chlorsulfuron, tribenuson methyl, triasulfuron and thifensulfuron methyl at rates up to 160 g ai/ha. Susceptible biotype was killed by the above mentioned sulfonylureas at rate of 5 g ai/ha. ALS activity was determined in very young leaves. The activity of the enzyme isolated from the resistant biotype was higher than the enzyme of the susceptible biotype. These data showed that resistance to ALS inhibitors was caused by an alteration of the target site of these herbicides. Source: Eleni Kotoula - Syka.

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MECHANISM

Ilias Eleftherohorinos

Corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas) cross-resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides

Nikolaos S Kaloumenos, Vasiliki N Adamouli, Christos A Dordas and Ilias G Eleftherohorinos

Pest Manag Sci 2011; 67: 574–585

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Papaver rhoeas (L.) has evolved resistance to tribenuron in winter wheat fields in northern Greece owing to multiple _Pro197substitutions. Therefore, the cross-resistance pattern to other sulfonylurea and non-sulfonylurea ALS-inhibiting herbicides of the tribenuron resistant (R) and susceptible (S) corn poppy populations was studied by using whole-plant trials and in vitro ALS catalytic activity assays.

RESULTS: The whole-plant trials revealed that tribenuron R populations were also cross-resistant to sulfonylureas mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron, chlorsulfuron and triasulfuron. The whole-plant resistance factors (RFs) calculated for pyrithiobac, imazamox and florasulam ranged from 12.4 to >88, from 1.5 to 28.3 and from 5.6 to 25.4, respectively, and were lower than the respective tribenuron RF values (137 to >2400). The ALS activity assay showed higher resistance of the ALS enzyme to sulfonylurea herbicides (tribenuron > chlorsulfuron) and lower resistance to non-sulfonylurea ALS-inhibiting herbicides (pyrithiobac > florasulam ≈ imazamox).

CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that _Pro197substitution by Ala, Ser, Arg or Thr in corn poppy results in a less sensitive ALS enzyme to sulfonylurea herbicides than to other ALS-inhibiting herbicides. The continued use of sulfonylurea herbicides led to cross-resistance to all ALS-inhibiting herbicides, making their use impossible in corn poppy resistance management programmes.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Corn Poppy biotype with this Corn Poppy biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 2 resistant Corn Poppy indicate that the inheritance is determined by a one gene, nuclear trait. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

Studies on the mechanism of resistance of Group 2 (Legacy B) resistant Corn Poppy from Greece indicate that resistance is due to an altered target site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the mechanism of resistance in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Relative Fitness

Researchers have indicated that Group 2/B resistant Corn Poppy is ecologically less fit than normal susceptible Corn Poppy. There may be a note below or an article discussing the fitness of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

ILIAS ELEFTHEROHORINOS

University Of Thessaloniki Laboratory Of Agronomy 4033 Kensington Pl Ghessaloniki, 54006 Greece Email Ilias Eleftherohorinos

NIKOLAOS KALOUMENOS

Aristotle University Of Thessaloniki Department Of Agriculture 4033 Kensington Pl Thessaloniki, 54006 Greece Email Nikolaos Kaloumenos

ELENI KOTOULA-SYKA

Natl Agric Res Fndn Department Of Agriculture 85 26th Ave N Thessaloniki, 54006 Greece Email Eleni Kotoula-Syka

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Greece have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Ilias Eleftherohorinos, Nikolaos Kaloumenos, and Eleni Kotoula-Syka for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Corn Poppy Globally
(Papaver rhoeas)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Belgium

2014

Wheat

florasulam, and metsulfuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Denmark

2003

Wheat

florasulam, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and tribenuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

France

2007

Wheat

iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, mesosulfuron-methyl, and metsulfuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

France

2015

Wheat

2,4-D, and aminopyralid

Auxin Mimics ( HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)

France

2016

Cereals

2,4-D, aminopyralid, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, MCPA, mesosulfuron-methyl, and metsulfuron-methyl

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Auxin Mimics ( HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)

Germany

2012

Cereals, and Rapeseed

florasulam, and imazamox

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Greece

1998

Winter wheat

chlorsulfuron, florasulam, imazamox, pyrithiobac-sodium, thifensulfuron-methyl, triasulfuron, and tribenuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Greece

2002

Wheat

2,4-D, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and mesosulfuron-methyl

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Auxin Mimics ( HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)

Italy

1998

Durum wheat

florasulam, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and tribenuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Italy

1998

Wheat

2,4-D, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and tribenuron-methyl

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Auxin Mimics ( HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)

Italy

1998

Wheat

2,4-D

Auxin Mimics ( HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)

Poland

2014

Winter wheat

tribenuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Portugal

2018

Wheat

2,4-D, and tribenuron-methyl

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Auxin Mimics ( HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)

Portugal

2018

Wheat

tribenuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Spain

1993

Cereals, and Wheat

2,4-D, and tribenuron-methyl

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Auxin Mimics ( HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)

Sweden

2011

Winter wheat

amidosulfuron, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and propoxycarbazone-Na

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

United Kingdom

2001

Cereals

metsulfuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Joel Torra, Aritz Royo-Esnal, Jordi Rey-Caballero, Jordi Recasens, Marisa Salas. 2018.
Weed Science 66 : 764 - 772.

Corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas L.) is the most widespread broadleaf weed species infesting winter cereals in Europe. Biotypes that are resistant to both 2,4-D and tribenuron-methyl, an acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor, have evolved in recent decades, thus narrowing the options for effective chemical control. Though the effectiveness of several integrated weed management (IWM) strategies have been confirmed, none of these strategies have been tested to manage multiple herbicide–resistant P. rhoeas under no-till planting. With the expansion of no-till systems, it is important to prove the effectiveness of such strategies. In this study, a field experiment over three consecutive seasons was conducted to evaluate and compare the effects of different weed management strategies, under either direct drilling (i.e., no-till) or intensive tillage, on a multiple herbicide–resistant P. rhoeas population. Moreover, evaluations were carried out as to whether the proportions of ALS inhibitor–resistant individuals were affected by the tillage systems for each IWM strategy at the end of the 3-yr period. The IWM strategies tested in this research included crop rotation, delayed sowing, and different herbicide programs such as PRE plus POST or POST. All IWM strategies greatly reduced the initial density of P. rhoeas each season (≥ 95%) under either direct drilling or intensive tillage. After 3 yr, the IWM strategies were very effective in both tillage systems, though the effects were stronger under direct drilling (~95%) compared with intensive tillage (~86%). At the end of the study, the proportion of ALS inhibitor–resistant plants was not different between the IWM strategies in both tillage systems (94% on average). Therefore, crop rotation (with sunflower [Helianthus annuus L.]), delayed sowing, or a variation in the herbicide application timing are effective under direct drilling to manage herbicide-resistant P. rhoeas. Adoption of IWM strategies is necessary to mitigate the evolution of resistance in both conventional and no-till systems..

Jordi Rey-Caballero, Julio Menéndez, Maria D Osuna, Marisa Salas, Joel Torra. 2017. Target-site and non-target-site resistance mechanisms to ALS inhibiting herbicides in Papaver rhoeas. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 138 : 57 - 65.

Target-site and non-target-site resistance mechanisms to ALS inhibitors were investigated in multiple resistant
(tribenuron-methyl and 2,4-D) and only 2,4-D resistant, Spanish corn poppy populations. Six amino-acid replacements at the Pro197 position (Ala197, Arg197, His197, Leu197, Thr197 and Ser197) were found in three
multiple resistant populations. These replacements were responsible for the high tribenuron-methyl resistance
response, and some of them, especially Thr197 and Ser197, elucidated the cross-resistant pattern for imazamox and florasulam, respectively. Mutations outside of the conserved regions of the ALS gene (Gly427 and Leu648) were identified, but not related to resistance response. Higher mobility of labeled tribenuron-methyl in plants with multiple resistance was, however, similar to plants with only 2,4-D resistance, indicating the presence of non-target-site resistance mechanisms (NTSR). Metabolism studies confirmed the presence of a hydroxy imazamox metabolite in one of the populations. Lack of correlation between phenotype and genotype in plants treatedwith florasulamor imazamox, non-mutated plants surviving imazamox, tribenuron-methyl translocation patterns and the presence of enhanced metabolism revealed signs of the presence of NTSR mechanisms to ALS inhibitors in this species. On this basis, selection pressurewith ALS non-SU inhibitors bears the risk of promoting the evolution of NTSR mechanisms in corn poppy..

Joel Torra, Antonia M. Rojano-Delgado, Jordi Rey-Caballero, Aritz Royo-Esnal, Maria L. Salas, Rafael De Prado. 2017. Enhanced 2,4-D Metabolism in Two Resistant Papaver rhoeas Populations from Spain. Frontiers in Plant Science 8 : 1584 - .

Corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas), the most problematic broadleaf weed in winter cereals in Southern Europe, has developed resistance to the widely-used herbicide, 2,4-D. The first reported resistance mechanism in this species to 2,4-D was reduced translocation from treated leaves to the rest of the plant. However, the presence of other non-target site resistance (NTSR) mechanisms has not been investigated up to date. Therefore, the main objective of this research was to reveal if enhanced 2,4-D metabolism is also present in two Spanish resistant (R) populations to synthetic auxins. With this aim, HPLC experiments at two 2,4-D rates (600 and 2,400 g ai ha−1) were conducted to identify and quantify the metabolites produced and evaluate possible differences in 2,4-D degradation between resistant (R) and susceptible (S) plants. Secondarily, to determine the role of cytochrome P450 in the resistance response, dose-response experiments were performed using malathion as its inhibitor. Three populations were used: S, only 2,4-D R (R-703) and multiple R to 2,4-D and ALS inhibitors (R-213). HPLC studies indicated the presence of two hydroxy metabolites in these R populations in shoots and roots, which were not detected in S plants, at both rates. Therefore, enhanced metabolism becomes a new NTSR mechanism in these two P. rhoeas populations from Spain. Results from the dose-response experiments also showed that pre-treatment of
R plants with the cytochrome P450 (P450) inhibitor malathion reversed the phenotype to 2,4-D from resistant to susceptible in both R populations. Therefore, it could be hypothesized that a malathion inhibited P450 is responsible of the formation of the hydroxy metabolites detected in the metabolism studies. This and previous research indicate that two resistant mechanisms to 2,4-D could be present in populations R-703 and R-213: reduced translocation and enhanced metabolism. Future experiments are required to confirm these hypotheses, understand the role of P450, and the relationship between both NTSR mechanisms. On this basis, selection pressure with synthetic auxins bears the risk of promoting the evolution enhanced metabolism in Papaver rhoeas..

Jordi Rey-Caballero, Aritz Royo-Esnal, Jordi Recasens, Ignacio González, and Joel Torra. 2017. Management Options for Multiple Herbicide–Resistant Corn Poppy (Papaver rhoeas) in Spain. Weed Science 65 : 295 - 304.

Corn poppy is the most widespread broadleaf weed infesting winter cereals in Europe. Biotypes that are resistant (R) to both 2,4-D and tribenuron-methyl have evolved in recent decades, thus complicating their chemical control. In this study, field experiments at two locations over three seasons were conducted to evaluate the effects of different weed management strategies on corn poppy resistant to 2,4-D and tribenuron-methyl, including crop rotations, delayed sowing and different herbicide programs. After 3 yr, all integrated weed management (IWM) strategies reduced the initial density of corn poppy, although the most successful strategies were those which either included a suitable crop rotation (sunflower or field peas), or had a variation in the herbicide application timing (early POST or combining PRE or early POST and POST). The efficacy of IWM strategies differed between both locations, possibly due to different population dynamics and the genetic basis of herbicide resistance. Integrated management of multiple herbicide–resistant corn poppy is necessary in order to reduce selection pressure by herbicides, mitigate the evolution of new R biotypes, and reduce the weed density in highly infested fields..

Jordi Rey-Caballero, Julio Menéndez, Jordi Giné-Bordonaba, Marisa Salas, Ricardo Alcántara, Joel Torra. 2016. Unravelling the resistance mechanisms to 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) in corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas). Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 133 : 67 - 72.

In southern Europe, the intensive use of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and tribenuron-methyl in cereal crop systems has resulted in the evolution of resistant (R) corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas L.) biotypes. Experiments were conducted to elucidate (1) the resistance response to these two herbicides, (2) the cross-resistant pattern to other synthetic auxins and (3) the physiological basis of the auxin resistance in two R (F-R213 and D-R703) populations. R plants were resistant to both 2,4-D and tribenuron-methyl (F-R213) or just to 2,4-D (D-R703) and both R populations were also resistant to dicamba and aminopyralid. Results from absorption and translocation experiment revealed that R plants translocated less [14C]-2,4-D than S plants at all evaluation times. There was between four and eight-fold greater ethylene production in S plants treated with 2,4-D, than in R plants. Overall, these results suggest that reduced 2,4-D translocation is the resistance mechanism in synthetic auxins R corn poppy populations and this likely leads to less ethylene production and greater survival in R plants..

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