<b>HRAC Group 2</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy B) </font> resistant Solanum ptycanthum from United States, North Dakota

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 2 (LEGACY B) RESISTANT EASTERN BLACK NIGHTSHADE
(Solanum ptycanthum)

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

United States, North Dakota

INTRODUCTION		EASTERN BLACK NIGHTSHADE
Eastern Black Nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum) is a dicot weed in the Solanaceae family. In North Dakota this weed first evolved resistance to Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides in 1999 and infests Soybean. Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides are known as Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to imazamox, and imazethapyr and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Sep 15, 2000 )
Common Name	Eastern Black Nightshade
Species	Solanum ptycanthum
Group	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Herbicides	imazamox, and imazethapyr
Location	United States, North Dakota
Year	1999
Situation(s)	Soybean
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Mike Christoffers, Kirk Howatt, and Richard Zollinger
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

AREAS FOUND

Richard Zollinger

Richland County. Still controlled by fomesafen, atrazine, and 2,4-D.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Eastern Black Nightshade biotype with this Eastern Black Nightshade biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 2 resistant Eastern Black Nightshade have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 2 (Legacy B) resistant Eastern Black Nightshade from North Dakota please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

MIKE CHRISTOFFERS

Associate Professor North Dakota State University Plant Sciences Loftsgard Hall 474A Fargo, 58105, North Dakota United States Email Mike Christoffers Web : Web Site Link

KIRK HOWATT

Associate Professor North Dakota State University Department of Plant Sciences Loftsgard Hall 470F Fargo, 58108-6050, North Dakota United States Email Kirk Howatt Web : Web Site Link

RICHARD ZOLLINGER

Professor and Extension Specialist North Dakota State University Plant Sciences Loftsgard Hall 470H Fargo, 58105, North Dakota United States Email Richard Zollinger Web : Web Site Link

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in North Dakota have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Mike Christoffers, Kirk Howatt, and Richard Zollinger for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Eastern Black Nightshade Globally
(Solanum ptycanthum)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Canada (Ontario)

2000

Corn (maize), and Soybean

flumetsulam, imazamox, imazethapyr, nicosulfuron, primisulfuron-methyl, prosulfuron, and rimsulfuron

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Canada (Ontario)

2009

Blueberries

paraquat

PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)

United States (Wisconsin)

1999

Soybean

imazamox, and imazethapyr

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

United States (North Dakota)

1999

Soybean

imazamox, and imazethapyr

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

United States (Illinois)

1999

Soybean

imazamox, and imazethapyr

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

United States (Michigan)

2004

Blueberries

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Volenberg, D. S. ; Tranel, P. J. ; Holt, J. F. ; Simmons, F. W. ; Weller, S. C. ; Sharkhuu, A. ; Riechers, D. E.. 2007. Assessment of two biotypes of Solanum ptycanthum that differ in resistance levels to imazamox. Weed Research (Oxford) 47 : 353 - 363.

Glasshouse and laboratory experiments were conducted on acetolactate synthase (ALS) homozygous resistant Solanum ptycanthum biotypes from Illinois (IL-R) and Indiana (IN-R), and homozygous susceptible biotypes from Illinois (IL-S) and Indiana (IN-S). Genetic similarity of biotypes was assessed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, which determined that the Illinois biotypes are more similar to each other than to the IN-R biotype. ALS enzyme activity from the IL-R and IN-R biotypes had I₅₀ values of 362 and 352 µM imazamox respectively. Dose-response experiments using three- to four-leaf-stage plants of the IL-R and IN-R biotypes had GR₅₀ values of 242 and 69 g ae ha^-1 imazamox respectively. Whole-plant and ALS enzyme results are different than previously reported values in the literature, which was attributed in the current study to the original IN-R population having individuals that were segregating for ALS resistance. Metabolism studies showed no difference in percentage [¹⁴C]imazamox remaining between the IL-R and IN-R biotypes up to 72 h after treatment. The IL-S biotype metabolised [¹⁴C]imazamox approximately two times faster than the IL-R and IN-R biotypes and this trait was heritable. Response of F₃ plants containing homozygous ALS-resistant alleles from the IL-R biotype in a genetic background of 50% Illinois and 50% Indiana biotypes suggests that genetic factors other than an altered target site or metabolism may also contribute to the magnitude of resistance at the whole-plant level in resistant biotypes..

Rich, A. M. ; Renner, K. A.. 2007. Row spacing and seeding rate effects on eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum) and soybean. Weed Technology 21 : 124 - 130.

Reducing sowing rates in 19- or 76-cm row soyabean below the optimum rate may reduce soyabean competitiveness with weeds, and indirectly increase production costs to the grower. Field studies in 2001 and 2002 evaluated the effect of soyabean sowing rate and row spacing on the emergence, growth, and competitiveness of eastern black nightshade (EBN; Solanum ptycanthum) in soyabean. EBN emergence ceased within 45 days after planting (DAP), and was similar across soyabean sowing rates and row spacing. EBN control by glyphosate was not affected by soyabean population or row spacing. Soyabean planted in 19-cm rows was more competitive with EBN, regardless of sowing rate. Increasing the soyabean sowing rate in 76-cm rows from 185 000 to 432 000 seeds/ha reduced EBN dry weight 3-fold at East Lansing and nearly 2-fold at Clarksville, Michigan, USA, in 2002. There was no increase in EBN density or dry weight in 19-cm row soyabean planted at 308 000 seeds/ha compared with 556 000 seeds/ha, whereas a sowing rate of 432 000 seeds/ha in 76-cm row soyabean did not suppress EBN dry weight or increase soyabean yield in the presence of EBN compared with a seeding rate of 308 000 seeds/ha..

Scursoni, J. A. ; Forcella, F. ; Gunsolus, J.. 2007. Weed escapes and delayed weed emergence in glyphosate-resistant soybean. Crop Protection 26 : 212 - 218.

During 2001 and 2002, field experiments were conducted in soybean crops at four Minnesota locations with the aim of studying the effects of different glyphosate treatments (one-pass glyphosate, two-pass glyphosate) on weed control and weed community composition by focusing on the identity and abundance of weeds that escaped from different treatments. In addition, seedling emergence patterns of different weeds were studied to identify the influence of delayed emergence on weed escapes. Overall, 10 species were recorded as weed escapes and Chenopodium album L. and Solanum ptycanthum Dunal were present at all locations. Late weed emergence was the main reason of weed escapes with one-pass glyphosate. C. album showed a long period of emergence, thereby allowing the late-emerging cohorts to avoid contact with the herbicide. S. ptycanthum emerged late and therefore its entire seedling population escaped glyphosate treatment. These weeds showed a robust relation fecundity (seeds/m²) and plant ground cover. C. album ground cover of 0.1% may produce around 500 seeds/m²..

Jamshid Ashigh ; Tardif, F. J.. 2006. ALS-inhibitor resistance in populations of eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum) from Ontario. Weed Technology 20 : 308 - 314.

Populations of eastern black nightshade (S. ptycanthum) suspected of being resistant to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors have been reported since 1999 in different locations in Ontario, Canada. This event has threatened the use of ALS inhibitors for control of this species. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the spectrum of resistance to different ALS-inhibiting herbicides and to examine the effectiveness of alternative modes of action herbicides. Growth room experiments were conducted to determine the response to imazethapyr and atrazine in seven suspected ALS inhibitor-resistant populations. One resistant and one susceptible population were further characterized for their response to ALS inhibitors and chloroacetamides. Seven populations were able to survive imazethapyr at 100 g a.i./ha, while there was no resistance to atrazine. Compared to a susceptible (S) population, resistant (R) population SOLPT 1 had 726-, 31-, 6-, and 4-fold resistance to post-emergence applied imazethapyr, imazamox, primisulfuron, and flumetsulam, respectively. Pre-emergence (PRE) application of imazethapyr, flumetsulam, cloransulam, nicosulfuron, prosulfuron, and rimsulfuron did not provide control of the R population, whereas they totally controlled the S population. The chloroacetamide herbicides metolachlor, dimethenamid, and flufenacet all provided at least 90% control of both R and S populations when applied PRE at the recommended field rates. The ALS inhibitors will not provide adequate control of these resistant populations, but acceptable control could be achieved with chloroacetamides or with atrazine..

Dalley, C. D. ; Kells, J. J. ; Renner, K. A.. 2004. Effect of glyphosate application timing and row spacing on corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) yields. Weed Technology 18 : 165 - 176.

Studies were carried out in 1998-2001 in Michigan, USA, to determine the effect of glyphosate application timing and row spacing (38 and 76 cm for glyphosate-resistant maize hybrid DK 493RR and 19, 38 and 76 cm for soyabean cv. 92B71) on the yield of these crops. Glyphosate was applied when average weed canopy height reached 5, 10, 15, 23, and 30 cm. The weeds present in these studies included velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), jimsonweed (Datura stramonium), barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli), fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum), giant foxtail (Setaria faberi), yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca [S. pumila]), green foxtail (Setaria viridis), and eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum). Under highly competitive growing conditions (below normal rainfall and high weed density), maize yield was first reduced when weeds reached 10 and 15 cm in height with maize planted in 38- and 76-cm row widths, respectively. Under similar conditions, soyabean yield was first reduced when weeds reached 15 and 23 cm with soyabean planted in 19- and 38-cm row widths, respectively. Yield losses occurred only in the untreated control when soyabean was planted in 76-cm rows. When growing conditions were less competitive (adequate rainfall and lower weed density), yield losses occurred only when weeds reached 30 cm or more in maize and only in the untreated control in soyabean. Maize and soyabean yields were higher when planted in narrow rows in 3 of 4 years but were more susceptible to early-season weed interference than maize and soyabean in wide rows. Maize yield was affected more by weed interference than was soyabean yield. The product of weed height by weed density, as the independent variable, resulted in the best linear fit for both maize and soyabean yields. High weed densities increase the risk of yield loss and must be considered when determining the appropriate timing for total post-emergence herbicide applications such as glyphosate. Sequential glyphosate applications in maize did not increase yield..

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