<b>HRAC Group 2</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy B) </font> resistant Secale cereale from United States, Colorado

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 2 (LEGACY B) RESISTANT FERAL RYE
(Secale cereale)

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

United States, Colorado

INTRODUCTION		FERAL RYE
Feral Rye (Secale cereale) is a monocot weed in the Poaceae family. In Colorado this weed first evolved resistance to Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides in 2018 and infests Winter wheat. Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides are known as Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to imazamox and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Nov 28, 2019 )
Common Name	Feral Rye
Species	Secale cereale
Group	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Herbicides	imazamox
Location	United States, Colorado
Year	2018
Situation(s)	Winter wheat
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Todd Gaines, Neeta Soni, Phillip Westra, and Eric Westra
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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Feral Rye biotype with this Feral Rye biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 2 resistant Feral Rye have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 2 (Legacy B) resistant Feral Rye from Colorado please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

TODD GAINES

Assistant Professor Colorado State University Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management 1177 Campus Delivery Fort Collins, 80523, Colorado United States Email Todd Gaines

NEETA SONI

Graduate Student Colorado State University Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management 1177 Campus Delivery Fort Collins, 80523, Colorado United States Email Neeta Soni

PHILLIP WESTRA

Professor and Extension Specialist Colorado State University Dept. of Bioagriculture Sci. & Pest Mgt 112 Weed Lab Fort Collins, 80523, Colorado United States Email Phillip Westra Web : Web Site Link

ERIC WESTRA

Graduate Student Colorado State University Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management 401 N. Sherwood St. Fort Collins, 80521, Colorado United States Email Eric Westra Web : Web Site Link

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Colorado have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Todd Gaines, Neeta Soni, Phillip Westra, and Eric Westra for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Feral Rye Globally
(Secale cereale)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

United States (Colorado)

2018

Winter wheat

imazamox

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Ball, D. A. ; Peterson, C. J.. 2007. Herbicide tolerance in imidazolinone-resistant wheat for weed management in the Pacific Northwest U.S.A. : 243 - 250.

Winter wheat ranks high in importance as an agricultural crop in the Pacific Northwest states of Washington, Idaho, and Oregon. Winter annual grass weeds such as jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica), downy brome (Bromus tectorum), feral rye (Secale cereale), wild oat (Avena fatua) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) have the same life-cycle as winter wheat and are difficult to control in conventional wheat production systems. These weeds annually account for millions of dollars of lost wheat production and reduced quality (i.e. discount by impurities). There has been only moderate success in controlling winter annual grasses in wheat by utilizing multiple-year crop rotations with spring crops and fallow periods, and with chemical control. Selective herbicides have been available for chemical control of downy brome, Italian ryegrass, and wild oat. However, before use of imazamox herbicide with imidazolinone-resistant (CLEARFIELD*) wheat, there was no herbicide that could selectively control jointed goatgrass, feral rye, or volunteer cereals in winter wheat. The first commercial release of an imidazolinone-resistant winter wheat variety in the Pacific Northwest was made during the 2003 growing season. Plant breeders in the Pacific Northwest are continuing to develop imidazolinone-resistant winter wheat varieties adapted to a range of Pacific Northwest production regions. One issue of concern for wheat varietal development is that single-gene tolerance to imazamox in CLEARFIELD* varieties can sometimes show visible crop injury, and possibly, yield reductions in response to herbicide applications. Crop tolerance can vary with time of herbicide application relative to wheat stage of growth, environmental conditions that reduce the wheat plant's ability to metabolize imazamox and, possibly, with specific wheat varieties. A multiple year and location study was conducted to evaluate imazamox tolerance in CLEARFIELD* wheat lines being developed for Pacific Northwest production regions. Results indicate that during specific years and locations, single-gene CLEARFIELD* varieties differed slightly in their relative tolerance to imazamox. The most important determinant of crop tolerance was related to herbicide application rate and timing..

Zhang JianHua ; Salas, M. L. ; Jordan, N. R. ; Weller, S. C.. 1999. Biorational approaches to managing Datura stramonium. Weed Science 47 : 750 - 756.

Field experiments were conducted at Lafayette, Indiana, from 1995 to 1997 to test approaches to managing atrazine-resistant Datura stramonium. Eight weed management programmes in a Zea mays (maize) cv. Pioneer 3489 and Glycine max (soyabean) cv. Edison rotation were evaluated for their effects on the dynamics of atrazine-resistant and -susceptible D. stramonium populations. Overall D. stramonium density and relative abundance of resistant (R) biotypes were greatly reduced in no-till Secale cereale (rye) cover crop management programmes without triazine compared to conventional-tillage systems with the application of triazine herbicides. The negative effects of no-till on D. stramonium were greater under a G. max-Z. mays-G. max rotation than under a Z. mays-G. max-Z. mays rotation. A cropping system involving more G. max phases under no-till reduced both the resistant and susceptible D. stramonium populations. Results from this study support the use of soil management, crop rotation, and negative cross-resistant herbicides to manage atrazine-resistant biotypes..

Solymosi, P. ; Nagy, P.. 1999. Phytotoxicity of rhizome and leaf extracts of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. taxa. Növényvédelem 35 : 245 - 251.

Rhizome and leaf extracts of C. arvense, Agropyron repens [Elymus repens], Galium aparine, Mercurialis annua, Ranunculus arvensis, Spergula arvensis and Stellaria media were tested for their phytotoxicity in germination, radicle, coleoptile and dry-weight bioassays. Extracts of C. arvense taxa induced strong autotoxicity. Ethanol and tap water extracts were shown to inhibit seedling growth of C. arvense var. arvense and other weed species. Tap water extracts of C. arvense var. arvense caused growth reductions in the coleoptile length of Hordeum distichon [H. vulgare], rye (Secale cereale) and wheat (Triticum aestivum), and residues (rhizome and foliage) reduced the dry-weight of the weed species tested. A very strong allelopathic interaction was observed between ALS-susceptible and resistant biotypes of C. arvense. The susceptible biotype was a stronger competitor than resistant ones..

Przepiorkowski, T. ; Gorski, S. F.. 1994. Influence of rye (Secale cereale) plant residues on germination and growth of three triazine-resistant and susceptible weeds. Weed Technology 8 : 744 - 747.

Greenhouse and laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of rye residues on the germination and growth of 3 triazine-resistant and -susceptible weed species (namely barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli), willowherb (Epilobium ciliatum) and horseweed (Conyza canadensis)). Soil containing rye roots was used to determine rye residue influence on seed germination. Willowherb and horseweed germination was inhibited up to 50% with the greatest rate of rye, but there was no inhibition of barnyardgrass germination. Aqueous extracts of rye shoot tissue inhibited incubator germination of horseweed and willowherb, but did not significantly influence barnyardgrass germination. Although there were no germination differences between the susceptible and resistant biotypes, both were totally inhibited when a 5% w/v solution was used. Growth inhibition of the selected weeds was evaluated using rye root residues in soil. All combinations of biotypes, species and rye seeding rates showed significant growth inhibition..

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