<b>HRAC Group 5</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy C1 C2) </font> resistant Solanum nigrum from New Zealand

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 5 (LEGACY C1 C2) RESISTANT BLACK NIGHTSHADE
(Solanum nigrum)

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

New Zealand

INTRODUCTION		BLACK NIGHTSHADE
Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum) is a dicot weed in the Solanaceae family. In New Zealand this weed first evolved resistance to Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides in 1999 and infests Corn (maize). Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides are known as PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (Inhbition of Photosynthesis at PSll - Serine 264 Binders ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to atrazine, cyanazine, prometryne, and terbuthylazine and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Jan 02, 2002 )
Common Name	Black Nightshade
Species	Solanum nigrum
Group	PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
Herbicides	atrazine, cyanazine, prometryne, and terbuthylazine
Location	New Zealand
Year	1999
Situation(s)	Corn (maize)
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Kerry Harrington
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

GENERAL

Kerry Harrington

A paper has been published on this case of resistance in "New Zealand Plant Protection." The complete article is available on the internet from: http://www.hortnet.co.nz/publications/nzpps/proceedings/01/01_152.pdf

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Black Nightshade biotype with this Black Nightshade biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 5 resistant Black Nightshade have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

Researchers have indicated that Group 5/C1 C2 resistant Black Nightshade is ecologically less fit than normal susceptible Black Nightshade. There may be a note below or an article discussing the fitness of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

KERRY HARRINGTON

Associate Professor in Weed Science Massey University School of Agriculture Private Bag 11-222 Palmerston North, 4442, Manawatu New Zealand Email Kerry Harrington Web : Web Site Link

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in New Zealand have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Kerry Harrington for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Black Nightshade Globally
(Solanum nigrum)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Australia (Queensland)

2015

Sugarcane for sugar, and Vegetables

paraquat

PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)

Belgium

1981

Corn (maize), and Roadsides

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Czech Republic

1999

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

France

1979

Cropland

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Germany

1980

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Italy

1978

Corn (maize), and Cropland

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Malaysia

1990

Vegetables

paraquat

PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)

Netherlands

1981

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

New Zealand

1999

Corn (maize)

atrazine, cyanazine, prometryne, and terbuthylazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

New Zealand

2009

Sweet potato

paraquat

PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)

Poland

1995

Orchards

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Spain

1987

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Switzerland

1983

Cropland, and Pastures

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

United Kingdom

1983

Corn (maize)

simazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Räder, T. ; Schulte, M. ; Steinheuer, M. ; Stuke, F.. 2010. Actual occurrence of weed biotypes in maize - effective weed control demonstrated on 200 monitoring fields in Germany and Austria. Julius-Kühn-Archiv : .

During 2008 and 2009, a study was conducted in 200 locations in Germany and Austria to monitor the frequency of occurence of various weeds and weed species and to evaluate the efficiency of herbicide treatments. The 10 most common weeds observed include goosefoot (Syngonium podophyllum), chickweed, black bindweed (Polygonum convolvulus), barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli), chamomile types, field pansy (Viola arvensis) and dead nettle (Lamium spp.). The sole use of terbuthylazine proved to be effective for the control of some weed species e.g. Matricaria spp., Polygonum spp., and Chenopodium spp. The genetic resistance of some weed species e.g. Chenopodium album, Chenopodium ficifolium, Matricaria chamomilla [Chamomilla recutita], Polygonum aviculare, Polygonum convolvulus, Solanum nigrum to herbicides were also studied..

Verschwele, A.. 2010. Perennial weeds in the cultivation of glyphosate-resistant maize. Julius-Kühn-Archiv : .

An experiment was conducted during 2003 to 2009 on 3 locations in Germany to determine the influence of Roundup Ready (RR) on weed infestation in transgenic herbicide-resistant maize. Throughout the duration of the experiment, 94 species of weeds were found in soil seed bank, 15 of which were recorded only once. The most abundant species were Chenopodium album, Solanum nigrum, and Stellaria media. Among the weed species, Amaranthus retroflexus, Solanum nigrum, Veronica persica and C. album recorded higher numbers in all types of treatment. The lower application rates of Roundup Ready (1.5 and 2 × 2 × 2 litre/ha) resulted in inadequate weed control..

Lewthwaite, S. L. ; Triggs, C. M.. 2009. Identification of paraquat-resistant Solanum nigrum and S. americanum biotypes. New Zealand Plant Protection 62 : 349 - 355.

Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) plants are highly susceptible to weed competition during their early field establishment period. For a long time, the contact herbicide paraquat has been widely used within the sweetpotato production system, often as the only herbicide applied to control weeds that emerge within the crop. A low rate of paraquat is applied repeatedly over the crop each season, eliminating seedling weeds at a very young stage, until the crop canopy provides adequate competition. However, the application of paraquat to selectively destroy seedling weeds has inadvertently selected for paraquat-resistant weed biotypes. This study confirms growers' field observations that populations of paraquat-resistant solanaceous weeds are now common, identifying them as Solanum nigrum L. and S. americanum Mill. Paraquat cannot be used selectively when these resistant biotypes are present, as the concentrations required to control the weed species would be lethal to the crop itself..

Calha, Im; Rocha, F; Ruiz-Santaella, Jr; Cruz-Hipolito, He. 2008. Two decades of herbicide resistance in the Iberian Peninsula. Journal Of Plant Diseases And Protection : 79 - 84.

About 20 years ago the first case of herbicide resistance in the Iberian Peninsula was reported: Amaranthus spp. R to atrazine in Spanish orchards. Since then, herbicide resistance has evolved in many weed species. Changes on agricultural practices namely new tillage systems, new rotational programmes, combined with the increased use of herbicides led to the selection of weed biotypes resistant to a wide range of herbicides. Nowadays such a problem affects the most important crops of this Peninsula (maize, wheat, rice, citrus and olive orchards), a spectrum of 26 weed species (14 dicotyledonous and 12 monocotyledonous) with biotypes resistant to several herbicides, namely to ALS inhibitors (Alisma plantago-aquatica, Cyperus difformis, Conyza albida, Aster squamatus, Avena sterilis and Papaver rhoeas), to ACCase inhibitors (Lolium rigidum), to PS II inhibitors (Amaranthus albus, A. blitoides, A. cruentus, A. hybridus, A. retroflexus, Bromus tectorum, Chenopodium album, Conyza bonariensis, C. canadensis, Echinochloa crus-galli, Polygonum lapathifolium, Setaria faberi, S. glauca, S. verticillata, S. viridis and Solanum nigrum), to ureas and amides (B. tectorum and Alopecurus myosuroides), to synthetic auxins (E. crus-galli) and more recently to the herbicide glyphosate (C. bonariensis; L. rigidum and L. multiflorum). Diversity of resistance mechanisms responsible for resistance in this Region involved target site resistance, enhanced rates of herbicide metabolism and multiple resistance. This paper reviews the actual situation in Iberian Peninsula and gives a perspective of adequate strategies for weed management considering the resistance mechanism, the availability of alternative herbicides and other cultural practices.

Salava, J. ; Chodová, D.. 2007. The present state of herbicide resistance of weed populations in the Czech Republic. Journal of Plant Protection Research 47 : 437 - 444.

In 1985-2002 thirteen weeds resistant to atrazine were selected by a repeated application of triazine herbicides on arable land, in orchards, non-agricultural land and at railways in the Czech Republic. Recently Digitaria sanguinalis biotypes resistant to atrazine have been found at three railway junctions. Long-lasting application of the active ingredient imazapyr at railways caused selection of resistant Kochia scoparia biotypes. High resistance to chlorsulfuron has been discovered in five Apera spica-venti biotypes originating in winter cereals fields. The molecular basis of resistance to atrazine has been identified in the following weeds: Kochia scoparia, Solanum nigrum, Senecio vulgaris, Conyza canadensis, Digitaria sanguinalis, Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album. The resistance was conferred by a glycine for serine substitution at residue 264 of the D1 protein in all of those weeds. The resistance to imazapyr in Czech Kochia scoparia biotypes was conferred by a mutation at codon 574 of the ALS gene. Analysis of the results of DNA sequencing indicated, that the mutation induced a leucine for tryptophane substitution. There was excellent correspondence between the phenotypic resistance to herbicides of individual plants and the presence of mutations..

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