<b>HRAC Group 2</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy B) </font> resistant Sinapis alba from Cyprus

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 2 (LEGACY B) RESISTANT WHITE MUSTARD
(Sinapis alba)

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Cyprus

INTRODUCTION		WHITE MUSTARD
White Mustard (Sinapis alba) is a dicot weed in the Brassicaceae family. In Cyprus this weed first evolved resistance to Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides in 2012 and infests Cereals. Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides are known as Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase (Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to tribenuron-methyl and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 2 (Legacy B) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Sep 20, 2013 )
Common Name	White Mustard
Species	Sinapis alba
Group	Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)
Herbicides	tribenuron-methyl
Location	Cyprus
Year	2012
Situation(s)	Cereals
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Yildiz Nemli, Suleyman Turkseven, and Ahmet Uludag
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

GENERAL

Suleyman Turkseven

Nemli, Y., K.Vurana, A. Goksu, S.Turkseven, P. Molaei, E. Hakel, M.Demirci, D. Kaser, B. Gökhan, A. Uludag, 2012. A new herbicide resistance case in Northern cyprus: Sinapis alba. The 6th International Weed Science Congress (17-22 June 2012, Hangzhou, China) 80p.

Y.Nemli, E.Solyalı, A. Göksu, M.A. Ünsal, S.Türkseven, P. Molaei, , M. Demirci, K.Vurana, A. Uludağ, E. Hakel, B. Gökhan, A. Erk, D. Bareke, 2013. Detection of Tribenuron Methyl Resistant Sinapis alba L. and Diclofop Methyl Resistant Avena sterilis L. in North Cyprus Cereals Area. 16th European Weed Science Society (EWRS) Syposium, 24-27 June, 2013)

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, and Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible White Mustard biotype with this White Mustard biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 2 resistant White Mustard have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 2 (Legacy B) resistant White Mustard from Cyprus please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

YILDIZ NEMLI

Professor Ege University Plant Protection Department 1108 Edgewood Blvd Bornrva/izmir Turkey Email Yildiz Nemli

SULEYMAN TURKSEVEN

Research Asistant Ege Universty Faculty of Agriculture Ege University Faculty of Agriculture, Departmant of Plant Protection, Weed Science Labratuvary Ýzmir, 35100 Turkey Email Suleyman Turkseven

AHMET ULUDAG

Professor Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University Plant Protection COMU, Ziraat Fakultesi Bitki Koruma Bolumu, Terzioglu Yerleskesi Canakkale, 17020, Canakkale Turkey Email Ahmet Uludag

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Cyprus have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Yildiz Nemli, Suleyman Turkseven, and Ahmet Uludag for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant White Mustard Globally
(Sinapis alba)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Cyprus

2012

Cereals

tribenuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Spain

2007

Winter wheat

iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, and tribenuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Rosario, J. M. ; Cruz-Hipolito, H. ; Smeda, R. J. ; Prado, R. de. 2011. White mustard (Sinapis alba) resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides and alternative herbicides for control in Spain. European Journal of Agronomy 35 : 57 - 62.

Sinapis alba is a competitive weed in cropping systems in southwest Spain. Over the past 10 years, reports of erratic control of S. alba with ALS-inhibiting herbicides have increased. Sixteen S. alba field accessions (AR₁ to AR₁₆) were collected from Malaga, in southwest Spain, and cultivated under greenhouse conditions for screening tests. AR₈ and AR₁ accessions were selected for in vivo and in vitro assays, while the site for the AR₈ population was also used for field experiments. Results demonstrated that tribenuron-methyl reduced plant fresh weight by over 90% in the AR₁, AR₂ and AR₃ populations; AR₄ biomass was reduced 30.7%; biomass of the AR₅ to AR₁₆ populations were only reduced from 5.7 to 13.1%. In vivo, the rate to reduce above ground plant fresh weight by 50% (ED₅₀) was greater for AR₈ (1.76) than AR₁ (0.18), indicating a resistance factor of 9.8 for tribenuron-methyl. In vitro, a comparison of ALS enzyme activity resulted in a resistance factor of 4128 for tribenuron-methyl, and 884 (mesosulfuron) and 839 (iodosulfuron) for the other two sulfonylurea herbicides. In vivo, the AR₈ biotype was cross-resistant to four of the five ALS-inhibiting herbicide groups (sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, triazolopyrimidine and sulfonylaminocarboniltriazolinone), but not to pyrimidinyloxybenzoic acid (bispyribac-sodium). The leaf contact angle for interception of tribenuron-methyl was 55.6° on the adaxial surface of AR₈ plants compared to 17.6° on the leaves of AR₁ plants. This resulted in significantly less tribenuron-methyl retention on R versus S (125.6 versus 166.1 µL g^-1 dry shoot weight) plants. In field trials, tribenuron-methyl resulted in minimal control of AR₈ plants (28.7%). However, tribenuron-methyl+MCPA (92.3%) and tribenuron-methyl+mecoprop-P (88.7), resulted in the highest white mustard control. This research confirms resistance of S. alba to tribenuron-methyl. In vitro assays suggest resistance is due to the inability of tribenuron-methyl to interact with the target site (ALS). Foliar retention and contact angle might contribute to the evolved resistance of S. alba to tribenuron-methyl. For improved control of white mustard, tribenuron-methyl combined with herbicides exhibiting different modes of action, such as MCPA or mecoprop-P, should be considered..

Cruz-Hipólito, H. E. ; Smeda, R. ; Prado, J. R. y R. de. 2009. Cross resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides in Sinapis alba. : 529 - 532.

Cetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides are important in the control of white mustard (Sinapis alba), a common weed in the centre of southern Spain. It infests cereal crops, mainly wheat, and, up to the past two years, it had been effectively controlled by Tribenuron. However, the repeated use of this molecule has subjected it to a high selection pressure so that this herbicide now has a very low control percentage, on some farms as low as 10%. With the aim of corroborating resistance to Tribenuron, some white mustard seeds which survived treatments with Tribenuron methyl have been examined. Laboratory and greenhouse investigations have been carried out to find the resistance mechanisms involved and the response of this biotype to ALS-inhibiting herbicides. These studies have been directed towards studying if the resistant biotype presented any cross resistance to other herbicides with the same action mode. These herbicides are: Imazamox, Flucarbazone, Iodosulfuron, Metsulfuron and Florasulam. The ED₅₀ was determined by dose-response curves for each of the herbicides. The resistance levels found for Tribenuron showed that the resistant biotype tolerated the dose for the susceptible one 20 times more, thus reaffirming the resistance observed in the field. The resistant biotype showed a resistance factor of 4 for the herbicide Imazamox, as well as a similar resistance factor for the herbicides Flucarbazone, Iodosulfuron and Florasulam..

Cruz-Hipolito, H. ; Smeda, R. J. ; Ioli, G. ; Rojano, A. A. ; Rosario, J. ; Prado, R. de. 2009. Cross resistance of Sinapis alba to ALS-inhibiting herbicides: first case in the world. : 344 - 349.

Over the past 2 decades many grass and broadleaf weed species in the world have been identified as resistant to herbicides that inhibit acetolacte synthase (ALS). To this list, white mustard (Sinapis alba) has been added. Three crop fields containing S. alba with suspected resistance to tribenuron methyl were inspected near Ronda, Malaga, southern Spain. Plant control had been unsatisfactory during the two previous years. Assays to determine the ED50 for tribenuron methyl in two populations were carried out, using field collected seeds. Additionally, the resistance factor (RF), a ratio of the ED50 for resistant divided by susceptible plants, was calculated. Results showed resistance factors of 5 to 7 for the two populations, confirming low level resistance to ALS inhibitors. This is the first case of ALS resistance described worldwide in this species. The effect of several ALS inhibitors on ALS (target site) activity was measured in leaf extracts from both biotypes. Only for tribenuron, mesosulfuron and iodosulfuron was the ED50 value higher for the R compared to the S biotype [I₅₀ (R)/I₅₀(S) values of 3969, 900 and 835, respectively]. For the other herbicide families, we found the lowest resistance factor levels as: 36, 24, 2 with Flucarbazone, Florasulam, Imazamox, respectively. These data suggest that resistance to sulfonylurea herbicides found in the R biotype of Sinapis alba results primarily from an altered target site..

Badowski, M. ; Kucharski, M.. 2005. Chemical weed control in white mustard (Sinapis alba) crop. Rośliny Oleiste 26 : 193 - 198.

Field experiments were conducted in Poland, from 2002 to 2004, to evaluate the efficacy of selected herbicides used to control weeds in white mustard. The herbicides Galera 334 SL (67 g picloram + 267 g clopyralid/litre) and Lontrel 300 SL (300 g clopyralid/litre) at 0.35 litre/ha, Butisan 400 SC (400 g metazachlor/litre) at 3 litre/ha and a mixture of Butisan 400 SC + Galera 334 SL at 2 + 0.35 litre/ha, were applied to control Chenopodium album, Viola arvensis, Anthemis arvensis, Geranium pusillum, Thlaspi arvense and Stellaria media were during the spring, at the 2-4 leaf stage of white mustard. The phytotoxicity, efficacy of weed control and yield of white mustard were evaluated. Lontrel 300 SL and Butisan 400 SC were selected for mustard. Galera 334 SL caused some phytotoxic effect, which was temporary and did not influence yield. Galera 334 SL effectively controlled A. arvensis and T. arvense. C. album, V. arvensis and S. media were semi-sensitive and G. pusillum was resistant. Lontrel 300 SL eliminated only A. arvensis. Butisan 400 SC controlled the majority of the weed species. Only G. pusillum was weakly eliminated. The best efficacy of weed control and the highest yield of white mustard seeds were obtained from plants where the Butisan 400 SC + Galera 334 SL mixture was applied..

Matysiak, K. ; Stachecki, S.. 2002. Selectivity of herbicides for weed control in white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) and brown mustard (Brassica juncea L.). : 194 - 195.

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